The emerging field of metagenomics, where the DNA of entire communities of microbes is studied simultaneously, presents the greatest opportunity – perhaps since the invention of the microscope – to revolutionise understanding of the microbial world, says a new report from the US National Research Council (NRC).
The report calls for a new Global Metagenomics Initiative to drive advances in the field in the same way that the Human Genome Project advanced the mapping of the genetic code.
Microorganisms are essential to life on Earth, transforming key elements into energy, maintaining the chemical balance in the atmosphere, providing plants and animals with nutrients, and performing other functions necessary for survival. There are billions of benign microbes in the human body, for example, that help to digest food, break down toxins, and fight off disease-causing microbes. Microbes are used commercially for many purposes, including making antibiotics, remediating oil spills, enhancing crop production, and producing biofuels.
Historically, microbiology focused on the study of individual species of organisms that could be grown in a laboratory and examined under a microscope, but most of the
life-supporting activities of microbes are carried out by complex communities of microorganisms, and many cannot be grown in laboratory culture.
Metagenomics will transform modern microbiology by giving scientists the tools to study entire communities of microbes – the vast majority of which are likely to be previously unknown species that cannot be cultured – and how they interact to perform such functions as balancing the atmosphere’s composition, fighting disease, and supporting plant growth, the new report says.
“Metagenomics lets us see into the previously invisible microbial world, opening a frontier of science that was unimaginable until recently,” said Jo Handelsman, Howard Hughes Medical Institute professor, departments of plant pathology and bacteriology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, and co-chair of the committee that wrote the report. “Shedding light on thousands of new microorganisms will lead to new biological concepts as well as practical applications for human health, agriculture, and environmental stewardship.”
Metagenomics studies begin by extracting DNA from all the microbes living in a particular environmental sample; there could be thousands or even millions of organisms in one sample. The extracted genetic material consists of millions of random fragments of DNA that can be cloned into a form capable of being maintained in laboratory bacteria. These bacteria are used to create a ‘library’ that includes the genomes of all the microbes found in a habitat, the natural environment of the organisms. Although the genomes are fragmented, new DNA sequencing technology and more powerful computers are allowing scientists to begin making sense of these metagenomic jigsaw puzzles. They can examine gene sequences from thousands of previously unknown microorganisms, or induce the bacteria to express proteins that are screened for capabilities such as vitamin production or antibiotic resistance.
The NRC report was requested by several federal agencies interested in the potential of metagenomics and how best to encourage its success. In particular, the committee was asked to recommend promising directions for future studies. It concluded that the most efficient way to boost the field of metagenomics overall would be to establish a Global Metagenomics Initiative that includes a few large-scale, internationally coordinated projects and numerous medium- and small-size studies.
“Because the challenges and opportunities presented by metagenomics are so enormous, a major commitment equivalent to that of the Human Genome Project is both justified and necessary,” added committee co-chair James M Tiedje, University Distinguished professor of Microbiology and director of the Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
The goal of the large projects should be to characterise in great detail carefully chosen microbial communities in habitats worldwide, the report says. These studies could unite scientists from multiple disciplines around the study of a particular sample, habitat, function, or analytical challenge, the report adds. For example, one large project could focus on the microbial community associated with the human body, while others could focus on soil and seawater, or managed environments such as sludge processing sites.
The large projects would be ‘virtual’ centres collecting data from scientists working at many locations around the world, and would probably need to be sustained for 10 years, the report notes. They would also serve as incubators for the development of novel techniques and community databases that would inform investigators running smaller experiments. In addition, the large studies would provide the ‘big science’ appeal that is often useful in igniting public interest.
In particular, the committee highlighted eight potential opportunities in different application areas that can be addressed with metagenomics:
- Earth sciences. The development of genome-based microbial ecosystem models to describe and predict global environmental processes, change and sustainability.
- Life sciences. The advancement of new theory and predictive capabilities in community-based microbial biology, ecology and evolution.
- Biomedical sciences. The definition, on a global scale, of the contributions of the human microbiome to health and disease in individuals and populations and the development of novel treatments based on this knowledge.
- Energy. The development of microbial systems and processes for new bioenergy resources that will be more economical, environmentally sustainable, and resilient in the face of disruption by world events.
- Environmental remediation. The development of tools for monitoring environmental damage at all levels.
- Biotechnology. The identification and exploitation of the biosynthetic and biocatalytic capacities of microbial communities to generate beneficial industrial, food, and health products.
- Agriculture. The development of more effective and comprehensive methods for early detection of threats to food production and food safety.
- Biodefense and microbial forensics. The development of vaccines and therapeutics against potential bioterror agents, the deployment of genomic biosensors to monitor microbial ecosystems, and the ability to identify and characterise microbes that have played a role in war, terrorism, and crime.
The report was sponsored by the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, and the US Department of Energy. The National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and National Research Council make up the National Academies.
Copies of The new science of metagenomics: revealing the secrets of our microbial planet are available from the National Academies Press, http://www.nap.edu.
