Conventional to molecular

Researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have set the stage for building the evolutionary link between the microelectronics of today built from semiconductor compounds and future generations of devices made largely from complex organic molecules. In an upcoming paper in the Journal of the American Chemical Society,* a NIST team demonstrates that a single layer of organic molecules can be assembled on the same sort of substrate used in conventional microchips.

The ability to use a silicon crystal substrate that is compatible with the industry-standard CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) manufacturing technology paves the way for hybrid CMOS-molecular device circuitry�the necessary precursor to a 'beyond CMOS' totally molecular technology�to be fabricated in the near future.

Scientists classify crystal structures by the particular plane or face cutting through the crystal that is exposed. Most research to date on silicon substrates for molecular electronic devices has been done with a crystal orientation that is convenient for organic molecules but incompatible with CMOS technologies. For their electronic device, the NIST team first demonstrated that a good quality mono-layer of organic molecules could be assembled on the silicon orientation common to industrial CMOS fabrication, verifying this with extensive spectroscopic analysis.

They then went on to build a simple but working molecular electronic device�a resistor�using the same techniques. A single layer of simple chains of carbon atoms tethered on their ends with sulphur atoms were deposited in tiny 100-nanometre deep wells on the silicon substrate and capped with a layer of silver to form the top electrical contact. The use of silver is a departure from other molecular electronic studies where gold or aluminium has been used. Unlike the latter two elements, silver does not displace the mono-layer or impede its ability to function.

The NIST team fabricated two molecular electronic devices, each with a different length of carbon chain populating the mono-layer. Both devices successfully resisted electrical flow with the one possessing longer chains having the greater resistance as expected. A control device lacking the mono-layer showed less resistance, proving that the other two units did function as nonlinear resistors.

The next step, the team reports, is to fabricate a CMOS-molecular hybrid circuit to show that molecular electronic components can work in harmony with current microelectronics technologies.